Biden and U.S. allies plan to step up sanctions on Russia over its war in Ukraine

“There will be hard days ahead in Ukraine,” Sullivan warned. “This war will not end easily or rapidly.”

There’s a lot of symbolism in this moment

Seeing Western leaders standing side-by-side in Brussels will send a powerful message to Europeans alarmed at Russia’s attack on Ukraine — and a message to Russian President Vladimir Putin about the strength of the NATO alliance, said Jim Townsend, a former deputy assistant secretary of defense for European and NATO policy.

“That family photo is going to show everyone that these guys are unified,” said Townsend, now at the Center for a New American Security think-tank. “That family photo is one of the most important deliverables coming out of the meeting at NATO.”

NATO is looking at whether it needs to bolster forces on its eastern flank

Allies closest to Russia — including Romania and the three Baltic states — have pressed NATO and the United States to boost troops in their countries. Sullivan said Biden plans to discuss whether more troops are needed in the region, particularly over the long term.

Russia’s aggression has prompted NATO leaders to reexamine the long-term strategic direction of the alliance, refocusing on Russia only months after Biden had pushed them to focus more on new challenges posed by China and climate change, Townsend said.

“It’s the old playbook,” he said. “You can hear the tires screeching from here.”

At the same time, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, who will speak to the NATO meeting from Ukraine on Thursday, has been pushing for more defensive support from the alliance.

Ian Lesser, the vice president and executive director of the German Marshall Fund of the United States, said there may not be much appetite for that.

“Much of the support to Ukraine that has been delivered so far is really being delivered among a coalition of nation states — a coalition of the willing within NATO — but not necessarily as NATO’s action, per se,” Lesser said.

“As time goes on, there’s an open question as to whether Russia will continue to tolerate the supply lines” of arms transfers and fuel deliveries to Ukraine being organized from NATO territory, Lesser said.

There will be new sanctions on Russia — and more enforcement

The United States and other major economies have frozen reserves held by Russia’s central bank. Some major Russian banks have been shut out of SWIFT, a system used by the world’s banks for transactions. Officials and oligarchs close to Russian President Vladimir Putin have also seen their assets affected by sanctions.

Sullivan said Biden and allies are prepared to announce a new package of sanctions. They’re also going to announce new measures to crack down on efforts to evade existing sanctions, including “any attempt by any country to help Russia basically undermine, weaken, or get around the sanctions,” he said.

There have been carve-outs in sanctions for transactions related to oil and gas, the lifeblood of Russia’s economy. While the United States has banned imports of Russian oil, European partners depend on Moscow for energy.

Biden is set to announce “joint action on enhancing European energy security and reducing Europe’s dependence on Russian gas at long last,” Sullivan said, without providing details.

Biden will announce more humanitarian aid for Ukraine

More than 3.5 million Ukrainians have fled the fighting in their country. Biden will travel to Warsaw and meet with Polish President Andrzej Duda. In Poland, he will visit U.S. troops stationed there, and talk to humanitarian experts, Sullivan said.

“He will announce further American contributions to a coordinated humanitarian response to ease the suffering of civilians inside Ukraine and to respond to the growing flow of refugees,” he said.

Russia’s relationship with the G-20 and China will be in focus

After Russia annexed Crimea in 2014, it was kicked out of what was then known as the G-8 group of major economies. Now there are suggestions that Russia be excluded from the G-20 as well.

Asked about the G-20 debate, Sullivan said: “We believe that it cannot be business as usual for Russia in international institutions and in the international community.” But he noted Biden would want to consult allies and partners “before making any further pronouncements.”

Biden does plan to talk to European partners about the China’s ties to Russia, Sullivan said. It’s something he discussed with Chinese leader Xi Jinping last week.

European Union leaders are planning their own summit with Xi on April 1, Sullivan noted. “This will be an opportunity — Thursday — for the United States and our European partners to coordinate closely on what our message is,” he said.